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Zamfir Arbore
Zamfir Constantin Arbore (Romanian pronunciation:[zamˈfirkonstanˈtin ˈarbore]; born Zamfir Ralli,Russian: ЗемфирийКонстантинович Арборе-Ралли,Zemfiriyi KonstantinovichArborye-Ralli; also known asZamfir Arbure, ZamfirRally, Zemphiri Ralli andAivaza;[1] November 14, 1848– April 2 or April 3,1933) wasaBukovinan-bornRomanianpoliticalactivistoriginally active in the Russian Empire, alsoknownfor his work as an amateur historian, geographerandethnographer. Arbore debuted in left-wing politics
from early in life, gained an intimate knowledge ofthe Russianrevolutionary milieu, and participatedinbothnihilistand Narodnik conspiracies.Self-exiled toSwitzerland, he became a member of theInternationalWorkingmen’s Association. Arbore was mostlyactiveas an internationalanarchistand a discipleofMikhailBakunin, but eventually parted with the latter tocreatehis independent group, the Revolutionary Community.He wassubsequently close to the anarchist geographerÉlisée Reclus, whobecame his new mentor.
Arbore settled in Romania after 1877, and, abandon-ing anarchismaltogether, committed himself to the more
moderate cause of socialism. His campaign againstRussiandespotismalso led him to champion the causeof freedomforBessarabiaregion, to which he was per-sonally tiedby his family history. These commitmentsresulted in Arbore’soutside support for theRussian Rev-olution of 1905, when heandPetru CazacufoundedtheSwiss-basedBasarabianewspaper. Arbore had bythenearned academic credentials with his detailed worksonBessarabian geography, and, as a cultural journalist, cul-tivatedrelationships with socialist andNational Liberalactivists. Hewas also notoriously the friend of poet MihaiEminescuin the1880s, and worked closely with writerBogdan PetriceicuHasdeuduring the 1890s.
DuringWorld War I, Zamfir Arbore provoked contro-versywhen he supported a Romanian alliance with theCentral Powers,justified in his opinion by a need to lib-erate Bessarabia. Despitethis, and although he publiclywelcomed theOctober Revolution,Arbore was reinte-grated into the political scene ofGreaterRomania, serv-ing two terms inSenate. Before his death in1933, hewas drawn intoagrarianand cooperativistpolitics, andwas successively a member ofthePeasants’ Partyand thePeople’s Party. Arbore wassurvived by his two daugh-ters, both of them famous in their ownright: Ecaterinawasa communist politician andphysician;Nina a modernartist.
1 Biography
1.1 Origins and early life
Zamfir Ralli was the scion ofboyararistocracy fromtheprincipality ofMoldavia: his paternal grandfatherZam-firache Ralli was an ennobledGreekmerchant,marriedinto the localRomanianelite; Zamfir’s mother wasanethnic Ukrainian.[2] Although cosmopolitan, the futureactivistalways prioritized his Romanian roots, chang-
ing his birth name toArbore(var. Arbure) inthe beliefthat his Romanian ancestors had inherited the nameandboyar status from the ancient Arbore family.[3][4] Zam-firache’sson Constantin, the friend of poet AlexanderPushkin, wasreputedly adopted by Dimitrie Arbore.[5]
He also inherited a Bessarabian manorial estateinDolna,which in the 1820s had served as the Pushkin’svacationhouse.[5][6]
The Ralli manor and present-day museuminDolna,Moldova
The subsequent genealogical claim traced the family his-toryback to the late 15th century, with HetmanLucaArbore.[5] It also made Zamfir a distant relative ofvari-ous members of Romanian socialist environment,includ-ingVasile MorțunandIzabela Sadoveanu.[7]The claim’sreliability divides modern researchers. Whilehistorianof journalism Victor Frunză sees Arbore as descending“froman ancient family of local boyars”,[8] academicLucianBoiadescribes Zamfir Arbore as being tied tothe historicalArbores by “a rather thin line”.[3] Boia alsonotes that Arbore’s“revised past” and arbitrary inter-pretation of his own backgroundmay have been oppor-
tunistic, leaving Arbore free to gravitate between conflict-ingnational identities and rendering his radical discoursemorepalatable for all cultural contexts.[9] According to
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Boiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Mor%C8%9Bunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna,_Str%C4%83%C8%99enihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna,_Str%C4%83%C8%99enihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecaterina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%2527s_Party_(interwar_Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%2527_Party_(Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Cazacuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist_autocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%2527s_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%2527s_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilist_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Romanian
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2 1 BIOGRAPHY
political scientistArmand Goșu, Arbore hadeffectively“stolen” his grandmother’s maiden name, reviving anoth-erwise extinct boyar line.[4]
Although mostly active in Bessarabia, Arbore was actu-ally anative ofChernowitz(Romanian: Cernăuți),the
administrative center of Bukovina within theAustrianEmpire(now Chernivtsi,Ukraine).[6][10] Helater movedinto Bessarabia (the Russian-ruled BessarabianGover-norate), attending school inKishinev(Chișinău),beforemoving to another school in Nikolayev.[6] Duringhistroubled youth, Arbore-Ralli underwent medical train-inginMoscowand Saint Petersburg, but was morein-volved within therevolutionary,nihilistandpan-Russiananarchistunderground, with the goal of subverting Tsaristautocracy.[10][11]His political sympathies also connectedhim withtheNarodnikmovement, which he joined atthe same time asother young Bessarabian intellectu-als (VictorCrăsescu,Axinte Frunză,Constantin Stere,
Nicolae Zubcu-Codreanu) who saw a link between theirnationaliststruggle and the agrarian cause ofRussianNarodniks[12][13] (he is believed to have beenpersonallyacquainted with the agrarian theorist and NarodnikfatherfigureAlexander Herzen).[10]
1.2 In Switzerland
The subversive activities brought Zamfir to the attentionofTsarist authorities, particularly after hisinvolvementinSergey Nechayev's nihilist conspiracy of1869.[10][14]
Unable to finish his studies, Arbore was singled out forarrest,and according to his own account, since placedunder doubt,[3] evenserved time as apolitical prisonerin thePeter and PaulFortressand inSiberia.[15][16][17]
Eventually, he made his way to Switzerland, wherehecontacted international anarchist figures suchasMikhailBakuninandÉlisée Reclus.[10][18] Arborecorrespondedwith the latter for a significant period, sharing hisin-terest in social geography.[10][13][19] His complexrela-tionship with radical exiles also resulted in contactswithanarcho-communist theoristPeter Kropotkin[10][20]andtheBulgariananarchist sympathizerHristoBotev.[21] Hewas also, with philosopherVasile Conta, one ofthe few
intellectuals with a Romanian background to affiliatedirectlywith theInternational Workingmen’s Associa-tion (FirstInternational), which regrouped the variousMarxistandanarchist communities of Europe.[22] In tan-dem, Arbore was activewithin Bakunin’s Revolution-ary Brotherhood, and, according toanarchist historianGeorge Woodco*ck, one of the “most influential”amongthe Russian propagators ofBakuninism;[23] politicalhis-torianJames H. Billingtonalso refers to “ZemfiryRalli”as “Bakunin’s principal editor”.[24]
Arbore’s beliefs led him to join the Jura federation,ananarchist cell within the First International,[10] and to
become initiated into Freemasonry (1872).[6] Hebe-came strongly opposed to Bakunin’s marginalization dur-ing theFirst International’sHague Congress, and signed
his name (Z. Ralli) to a letter of protest,alongsideNikolay Ogarev.[25] Also in 1872, Arbore also helpeddrafttheGerman-languagepamphlet which documentedBakunin’scondemnation of Nechayev:Ist Netshaejeff ein
politischer Verbrecher oder nicht?(“IsNechayev a Polit-ical Felon, or Is He Not?").[26] With BakuninandErrico
Malatesta, he was personally involved in the anarchistag-itation sweepingSpainduring the 1870s: hepersonallyhelped translate Bakunin’s letter to theIberiananarchists,but their hopes of inciting a new revolution wereun-successful; progressively after that moment, Arbore andBakuningrew estranged from one another.[10] Accordingto Woodco*ck, thereason behind this “personal” ratherthan ideological conflict wasBakunin’s “tactless” supportfor Arbore’s adversaryMikhailSanzhin, leading Arboreand his partners, the “young Bakuninists”,to establishthe Revolutionary Community organization.[23] Therea-sons and objectives of this group, whose other members
wereVladimir Holstein,AlexanderOelsnitzandNikolaiIvanovich Zhukovsky,[23] wereoutlined in a letter to JuraanarchistJames Guillaume.[27]
Moving fromZurichtoGeneva, and known primarilyasRalli, Arbore ran a socialist publishing house,throughwhich he helped popularize the political manifestosofanarchism, as well as his own history of theParisCom-mune.[10][28] He was among those who established, in1875, theGenevan Russian-language newspaper Rabot-nik(“TheWorker”), which bridged the “young Bakunin-ist” faction with theEser Partyof Vera Figner and Reclus’St. Imier International.[29]One of his colleagues there,
future astronomerNikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, re-calledthat Arbore was actively involved in redacting newsarriving fromRussia, manipulating them for dramatic ef-fect and politicalconformity.[30] In 1875, he also wroteand published the anarchisttractSytye i golodnye(“TheSated and the Hungry”), aswell as an appeal to Ukrainianpeasants in the RussianEmpire.[31]
The Swiss period was the start of his new family life.Arbore wasby then married, to the Russian EcaterinaHardina.[32][33] The dowry she brought helped main-tain his new publishingventure.[28] His eldest child wasdaughterEcaterinaArbore-Ralli, the future communist,
feministand militant physician, born on November 11,1873,atBex.[34] His son Dumitru (Mitică) was born onJanuary 11,1877, in Geneva.[35]
1.3 Relocation to Romania
Zamfir Arbore first set foot in Romania during 1873,when hetraveled from Geneva toIași, meeting with theyoung socialistsympathizerEugen Lupu.[1] He was laterin contact with theIași Marxist circle ofIoan,IosifandSofia Nădejde,sending them books byKarl Marxand hisanarchistcommentators (Johann Most,Carlo Cafiero).[1]
Arbore also established contacts with the socialistcellofBucharest. He corresponded with some of the Rus-siansocialists who had set up camp there, primarily so
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cafierohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mosthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_N%C4%83dejdehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_N%C4%83dejdehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_N%C4%83dejdehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Lupuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecaterina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Alexandrovich_Morozovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Fignerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guillaumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Zhukovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Zhukovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Oelsnitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Holsteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sanzhinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Ogarevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Billingtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivist_anarchismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Woodco*ckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%2527s_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workingmen%2527s_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Contahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Botevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_communismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Nechayevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Zubcu-Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Sterehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axinte_Frunz%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cr%C4%83sescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist_autocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist_autocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilist_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaivhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Go%C8%99u
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1.4 1880s politics 3
with Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Nicolae Zubcu-Codreanu.Together, they set up the Society for StudentCulture andSolidarity, a semi-clandestine club located atthe ConcordiaHotel.[36]
Again in Switzerland, he took part in the violent Red Flag
RiotofBerne, organized in 1877 by theanarchistdissi-denceof the International—allegedly, his life wassavedby fellow anarchist Jacques Gross.[37] In 1878,Arborewas also the editor of the international tribune oftheRevolutionary Community,Obshchina(“Community”),whichwas published as a successor of Rabotnik.[38]
Reputedly threatened with anextraditionback intotheRussian Empire,[4] Zamfir Arbore moved to Romaniaafter thebeginning of a Russo-Turkish War, duringwhich the country, aRussian ally, obtained her inde-pendence from theOttomanEmpire. He later recalledthat the inspiration for this move wasyoung Romanian
leftist Mircea Rosetti, whom he had first metduringReclus’ visit toVevey.[39] Arbore’s original goal wasthespread of revolutionary propaganda among soldiers in theImperialRussian Army, but, in short time, he settleddown in Bucharest.[40]It was there that Arbore fathereda second daughter, Lolica, whodied without reachingmaturity.[10][32][41]
Arbore later set up, with fellow exiles Dobrogeanu-Gherea,Zubcu-Codreanu, Pavel Axelrod and NikolaiSudzilovsky (Russel), an underground political move-mentagitating for the cause of Bessarabian Romanians;by means of thisgroup, he is said to have gained ac-
cess within the governingNational Liberal Party,evenearning discreet support from two of its leadingfig-ures,Ion Brătianuand C. A.Rosetti(father of MirceaRosetti).[42] Arbore would laterspeak of Brătianu as adiscreet supporter of his projects toundermine Russiangovernments.[43] Additionally, C. A. Rosetti isallegedto have personally assisted Arbore and Zubcu-Codreanu,whoshared a Bucharest apartment, from evading boththe persistentscrutiny of Romanian Policeforces andthe threat ofextradition.[1] In May 1877, Police forcesquashed the Concordiahotel club, arresting various ofits members.[36] Arbore’sconnections were unsuccessfulwhen it cametorescuingDobrogeanu-Gherea, kidnapped
and deported by the Russian Army in autumn 1877,although heeventually helped track down Gherea inRussia.[44] Three yearslater, when Dobrogeanu-Ghereaescaped back to Romania, Arbore helpedhim set up arestaurant inPloiești station, from whichGherea sup-ported his family.[45]
Another National Liberal figure, the Bessarabianhisto-rianBogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, also cultivated afriend-ship with Arbore. According to Arbore’s own recol-lections,although he and Hasdeu had been separatedby “political-socialviews”, they had been brought to-gether by the recent deaths ofIulia Hasdeuand Lolica
Arbore.[41] Their shared loss, Arbore recalled, was lead-ingthem both to seek intellectual comfort inspiritualism
orspiritism: Arbore, who was in correspondencewithspiritistsCamille FlammarionandWilliamCrookes, re-called having joined a secretive spiritualist circleformedin Hasdeu’s home, and being ridiculed in the Romanianpressover this issue.[41] Hasdeu was one of the notedguests in Arbore’sown house.[46]
1.4 1880s politics
An allegorical illustration of Romanian socialist goals. LumeaNouă, 1895
After theTrial of the Fourteen, the RevolutionaryCom-munity and all other Bakuninist groups were losing thebattle infront of renewed Tsarist repression.[47] Arbore,
who now criticized Bakunian anarchism, quickly cameto theconclusion that a socialist party was needed as amore radicalalternative to the Romaniantwo-party sys-tem: in 1879, hehelped organize the first-ever confer-ence of Romanian socialistclubs, and, over the followingmonths, was member of the editorialstaff at RomâniaViitoare, the socialist review (as a resultof his participa-tion, the magazinealsoenlisted contributions fromReclusand his brotherÉlie, as well as frompoetLouis-Xavierde Ricard).[48] The next year, he and theNădejdes werebriefly in contact with the senior political radicalTitusDunka, distributing for a while Dunka’s gazetteÎnainte!
(“Forward!").[49]
In 1880, after a failed attempt on Ion Brătianu’s life,thesocialist circles faced government suspicion and be-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Dunkahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Dunkahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Xavier_de_Ricardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Xavier_de_Ricardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Reclushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Viitoarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Viitoarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Fourteenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_Nou%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_Nou%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crookeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Flammarionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulia_Hasdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploie%C8%99tihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._Rosettihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Br%C4%83tianuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Sudzilovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Sudzilovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Axelrodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veveyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Rosettihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Grosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Zubcu-Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Zubcu-Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Gherea
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4 1 BIOGRAPHY
came less organized, a situation which lasted until theelectionof 1888.[50] At the time, Arbore was editor ofRosetti’s democraticgazetteRomânul, and later movedto a similar positionwith the left-leaning newspaperTelegraful Român.[46] Also at thatstage, he befriendedthe BukovinanMihai Eminescu, laterrecognized as Ro-
mania’snational poet, but at the time a secondary fig-urein the Bucharest press. Eminescu, who workedfortheConservative PartytribuneTimpul,confided in Ar-bore about his pessimistic vision of Romaniansociety.[51]
At this stage, Arbore is believed to have helpedotherforeign-born socialists to find refuge in Romania: inpar-ticular to have assisted Peter (Petru) Alexandrov,thebrother-in-law of writerVladimir Korolenko, in obtain-inga license to practice medicine inTulceaand inde-fending himself during subsequent police inquiries.[52] In1881,he was himselfnaturalizeda citizen of thenewlyproclaimedKingdom of Romania.[3][10]
By summer 1883, when Arbore too lost National Lib-eral supportand was briefly expelled from Romania,Eminescu had become afflictedwith mental illness (heeventually died in relative isolation, in1889).[53] Arborewas, around 1890, a correspondentforFrédéric Damé'sBucharest newspaperLa LibertéRoumaine, withexposépieces on the kidnapping of juniorBulgarian Navy officerVladimir Kisimov by Russian spies.[54] HisthirddaughterNina, later known as a visual artist, was born inJanuary1888.[55] Theelder, Ecaterina, was already takingherfirststeps in socialist politics, as a delegate to theInternationalCongress of Students, held inGiurgiu.[33]
Meanwhile, Zamfir Arbore was progressively integratedinto theRomanian civil service: a clerk at the StateArchives, hebecame a statistician in service to theBucharest CityHall(from 1896 to 1920).[56] As a so-cialist activist, he wascoming to support the factionof Dobrogeanu-GhereaandConstantin Mille, who pub-lished Lumea Nouă review and ultimately set up theshort-livedRomanian SocialDemocratic Workers’ Party(PSDMR).[57]
1.5 Amicul Copiilorand scientific work
Title page ofBasarabia în secolulXIX(1898)
Title page of Cornelius Diaconovich, Enciclopediaromână, final volume (1904)
From 1891 to 1898, he and Victor Crăsescu (whosigned with the pen name Ștefan Basarabescu)werefounders and managers ofAmicul Copiilor(“TheChil-dren’s Friend”) magazine, which circulated classicworksofchildren’s literature[46] and is sometimes rated asthe
firstcomic bookmagazine in Romanian history.[58]Has-deu, one of its main writers,[59] is occasionally givencreditas the person behindAmicul Copiilor.[58] Arbore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_bookhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%2527s_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cr%C4%83sescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Diaconovichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Workers%2527_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_Nou%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Millehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Bucharesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dam%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulceahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Korolenkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_general_election_1888
8/20/2019 Zamfir Arbore
See AlsoA2H to Pursue Rescue Plan Funding for Dresden - Dresden EnterpriseLikely voters favor GOP in all 4 congressional districts ahead of election, Iowa Poll saysPort Chairman Charles W. Zahn Jr. named 2022 Caller-Times Newsmaker of the Yearare they correct? rustic / = country cabin in the Smoky Mountains in Tennessee? The inn has a rustic /= country atmosphere? a rustic / = country village? simple, rustic / = rough / = unfinished = unpolished furniture?5/15
1.6 1905 Revolution 5
himself experimented with the genre, publishing chil-dren’sversions of Don Quixote, Tartarin ofTarasconandRobinson Crusoe, as well aspopularhistories—oneaboutAncient Egypt, the other about1821rebel TudorVladimirescu.[60] Hasdeu co-opted Arbore for theearly1899 project to create aprofessional associationofwrit-
ers as part of his Press Society (an actual Romanian Writ-ers’Societywas only created some 10 years later, afterHasdeu’sdeath).[61]
As statistician, Arbore was in charge of Bucharest’sBulet-inulStatistic(“Statistical Bulletin”) and of the CityHallLibrary, which under his direction acquired several thou-sandsof new books.[46] With Ioan Nădejde, Arbore trans-lated intoRomanian the RussianCommercial Code.[46]
In parallel, he completed his main and lengthiest studyinethnography,Basarabia în secolul XIX(“Bessarabiainthe19th Century”), first publishedin 1898.[3][13] It earneditsauthor the annualIon Heliade RădulescuPrize of the
Romanian Academy.[6][13][62] Beginning 1903, he alsotaughtRussian atthe Bucharest War School.[4][56] Arborefollowed up onhisscholarly work with the 1904 Dicționar
geografic al Basarabiei(“AGeographicalDictionaryofBessarabia”).[6][13] The same year, he was avoluntarycontributor, with Bessarabian-themed entries, to thefirst-ever Romanian encyclopedic dictionary: Enciclopediaromână, publishedinAustria-HungarybyCorneliusDi-aconovichandASTRA cultural society.[63]
In 1906, during the National Exhibit held in celebrationoftheRomanian Kingdom (and oneyear before the large-scale peasants’revolt), Arbore joined a scientific commit-
tee which supervised an academic inquiry into the stateofRomanian peasants, whose main author was militantsociologist G. D.Scraba.[64]
1.6 1905 Revolution
Romanian border troops survey theeasternPrutshore, whereBessarabian villages hadcaught on fire (The Illustrated LondonNews, January 1906)
Before and during theRussian Revolution of 1905, Ar-
bore was also involved in trafficking subversive worksofliterature over the Romanian–Russian border, hopingto encourage arebellion among Bessarabian Romanian
peasants and intellectuals.[4][13][65][66] Theodor Inculeț,atheologian and political agitator, was one of his connec-tionsthere. As Inculeț later wrote, the books “sent overby Arbure” wereunequivocally “anti-Russian”.[65]
In 1904, Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers,theRussian
Ambassador to Romania, warned National LiberalPremier DimitrieSturdza that “Mr. Ralli-Arbore” in-tended to send into Russiamany small packages ofbrochures, to be delivered by a specialnetwork of social-ist agents.[46] This exchange of notesdegenerated into amajor diplomatic incident when some ofthecontrabandbooks were confiscated by Russian officials, anddiscov-ered to contain firearms.[4][10][46] Arbore was singledoutfor extradition, but saved through the intercession ofTakeIonescu, the Interior Minister, who even managed to havetheweapons dispatched back to Romania.[4][46] This wasthe beginning ofan unusually close relationship withRo-mania’sconservativeenvironment andKing CarolI(to
whom he dedicated a volume of hismemoirs).[4] Report-edlyas a favor to the Bessarabian activist, Carol was to al-low safepassage into Romania to thewanted RussianEserassassinBorisSavinkov.[4] According to Arbore’s ownaccount, Carol, “the founderof modern Romania”, pri-vately resented Russia’s national policy onBessarabia.[43]
Zamfir Arborealso welcomed into hishousethePotemkinmutinyrefugees—including socialistsailorAfanasi Ma-tushenko, who became his close friend.[46]He regis-tered another personal triumph in 1905, when hisagingfriend Reclus also traveled to Romania.[10] However, hismaininterest was by then outside the realm of socialist
or anarchist politics. Together withPetru Cazacu, Ar-borefounded and edited a newspaper namedBasarabia,printed inSwitzerland but clandestinely circulated theRussian Empire duringthe Revolution. Basarabiawentout of print after sixconsecutive issues, and, throughoutit* existence advertised itselfas aChișinău-based paper(although its editorial office waslocated in Geneva).[67]
An immediate predecessor for the legal Basarabiaof1906, it was noted for its radical support ofBessarabianautonomy, demands for universal suffrage, andadop-tion of a modern Romanian alphabetinstead oftradi-tionalMoldavian Cyrillic letters.[68] In its finalissue, Ar-
bore and Cazan’s gazette published the program ofanincipientNational Moldavian Party.[69] After theRev-olution toned down repression, Arbore could also col-laboratewith theSaint Petersburg-based socialistmag-azineByloe, which published his biographical sketchofSergey Nechayev.[70][71] The text, signedZemfir RalliAr-bore, notably includes detail on Nechayev’s isolated polit-icaloutlook, which, Arbore argued, was linked directly to18thcenturyJacobintheorists and agitators (MaximiliendeRobespierre,Philippe Buonarroti) rather than tolatersocialist schools.[71]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Buonarrotihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Robespierrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Robespierrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Nechayevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byloehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Moldavian_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarabia_(newspaper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_Cazacuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasi_Matushenkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasi_Matushenkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Savinkovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Ionescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Ionescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ambassador_to_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ambassador_to_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_von_Giershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_Newshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_Newshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prut_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Scrabahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%2527_Revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%2527_Revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Diaconovichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Diaconovichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_%C3%8Enalte_Studii_Militare_din_Bucure%C8%99tihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_code_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Writers%2527_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Writers%2527_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarin_of_Tarasconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote
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6 1 BIOGRAPHY
1.7 Milcovul Society and PSDR connec-
tions
By 1908, Arbore had founded another venue for pro-Bessarabianpolitical activism, the Milcovul Society(namedafter theMilcov River, a symbol of Romanianunity). Theassociation was soon after infiltrated by theRussian spyGheorghe V. Madan: exposed through apublic scandal, Madan wasexpelled from MilcovulbyArbore’s own vote.[72]The controversy drew attentionfrom Romania’s secretservice,Siguranța Statului, whoseagents suspected,probably without just cause, that Ar-bore maintained contacts withMadan over the follow-ing period.[72] In June 1909, ConstantinMille’s daily,Adevărul, printed a draft of Arbore’s memoirs,dealingwith Eminescu’s political views.[51]
During the same years, Arbore played host to a new gen-erationof Romanian socialist leaders and leaders of thelocal labormovement, who attempted to recreatea social-ist party from thedefunct PSDMR:Christian Rakovsky,Gheorghe Cristescu, I.C. Frimuand N. D. Cocea.[46]
Arbore did not join theRomanian SocialDemocraticParty(PSDR), created by Rakovsky in 1910, but wasaspecial guest at its reunions.[46] He was thus present atthePSDR’s 1912 rally at Sala Dacia, where, in agree-ment withRakovsky’s political tenets, he spoke about theneed to containRussian imperialism;[73] on the cente-nary of Bessarabia’soccupation, he also addressed Ro-manian student organizations,informing them about thestate of affairs in Russian dominions.[43]Arbore was also
claiming that some violent anarchists were in fact Rus-sianagents: according to him, the suspectedterroristIlieCătărăuwas a secret affiliate of theloyalistBlack Hun-dreds.[17]
In September 1914, Arbore was honored by the PSDR’sfestiveassembly honoring the 50th anniversary of theFirstInternational.[46] In parallel, he gave external sup-port tounionizing efforts, being notably an honored guestat the RomanianJournalists’ Union festivities of May1912, where he mainly spokeabout Bessarabia.[74] Hisfirst-born daughter, who hadbythen madeher first contri-butions tosocial medicine, became directlyinvolved with
the PSDR and theRomânia Muncitoareclub, and, alsoin1912, was elected to the PSDR Executive Committee.[75]
Dumitru, who was a chemical engineer in thethrivingoilindustry, and Nina, a debuting painter, were also bothaf-filiated with PSDR at a grassroots level.[55]
During that interval, the Bessarabian scholar was alsobecominginterested in cultivating arapprochementbe-tweenRomania and theKingdom of Bulgaria, Romania’snew neighbor tothe south. This was reflected in his set ofcontributionstoSlavisticsandphilology. His Romanian-Bulgarian dictionary, Българо-румънски речник, sawprint in1909.[76] In 1912, Arbore translated and pub-
lished for Minerva newspaper the 1886 manifesto“Tothe Romanian People”, signed by Bulgarianrevolution-aryZahari Stoyanov, in which Stoyanov spoke abouthis
country’s “moral duty” toward Romania and deplored theslowdescent into ethnic rivalry.[77]
1.8 World War I controversies
Arbore’s activity as a publicist, activist and newspaper-manflared up during the early stages ofWorld War I, asRomaniahesitated between joining theEntente Powersor honoring itsloose commitment to theCentral Pow-ers, and in particulartheGerman Empire. Like otherBessarabian exiles, Arboreobjected to the first option,since it threw Romania into the samecamp as the RussianEmpire, opening the way for Russian dominationin Ro-mania, while leaving Bessarabia oppressedandRussified;he also identified the Ententist preoccupationwith theRomanians ofTransylvaniaandBukovinaas excessive,claiming thatAustria-Hungarywould inevitably trans-
form itself into a democratic federation upon the end ofwar.[78]These ideas made their way into his wartime arti-clesforSearanewspaper and his standalone political es-says:the 1914Autonomia sau anexarea. TransilvaniașiBucovina(“Autonomy or Annexation. TransylvaniaandBukovina”), the 1915Liberarea Basarabiei(“TheLiber-ation of Bessarabia”) and the 1916 Ukraina șiRomânia("Ukraineand Romania”).[79]
Of these, Liberarea Basarabieiwas printed withsup-port from an eponymous political society, the Leaguefor theLiberation of Bessarabia.[80] Arbore’s stance wascompatible withthe PSDR’sZimmerwald neutralism: by
1915, Ecaterina Arbore was also noted for herpoliticalstatements against a Russian alliance.[81]Internationally,her father collaborated withAnnales desNationalités, theanti-imperialistperiodical put outbyJean PélissierandJuozasGabrys.[46] Suspicion arosethat Arbore was also inthe pay of German intelligence, receiving atleast 28,000leithrough such channels.[82]
In summer 1916, Romania disappointed Arbore by ral-lying withthe Entente. After a short-lived offensive intoTransylvania,theRomanian Land Forceswere defeated,and the CentralPowersinvaded southern Romania. Ar-bore stayed behind inGerman-occupied Bucharest while
the legitimate government withdrew toIași, and main-taineda generally friendly but discreet attitude toward theoccupiers.[83]He was less active as a journalist and mili-tant, but contributedto theGermanophiledailyLumina,put out by theBessarabian activistConstantin Stere, andonce lectured on theBessarabian question during April1918.[84] Arbore also kept a lowprofile during the1918truce, when, with German acquiescence,Romaniaunitedwith Bessarabia. Reputedly, Stere, whonegotiated theunion with the Bessarabian Assembly, mistrustedandsidelined Arbore during the events.[83]
In his own account of the wartime years, Arbore claimed
to have been arrested on several occasions by the occupa-tionauthorities, but this claim, Boia notes, remains unver-ified anddoubtful.[85] Arbore was returning to a socialist
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83riihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Sterehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanophilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_leuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Gabryshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_P%C3%A9lissierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seara_(newspaper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahari_Stoyanovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Muncitoarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hundredshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hundredshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910-1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910-1918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._D._Coceahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._C._Frimuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Cristescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rakovskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba_Statuluihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_V._Madanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcov_River_(Siret)
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1.10 Final years 7
discourse, probably rekindled and reshaped by newsoftheOctober Revolutionin Russia.[4][85] During thepe-riod, he took a personal interest in the fate ofRussianprisoners held on occupied territory, and, in a letter totheGermanophile academicIon Bianu, spoke about theneed topopularize revolutionary ideas among this partic-
ular group.[85]
1.9 Senator and political suspect
Arbore in the 1920s, as drawn byNadia Bulighin
After the unexpectedGerman defeat of November 1918broughta moral victory for Romanian Ententists and thereturn of Ententistforces in government, Arbore with-stood scrutiny as anallegedcollaborator with the enemy.In this context, herallied with a new radical force, thePeasants’ Party, and ran forpolitical office in what wasby thenGreater Romania. DuringtheNovember 1919election, he presented himself asaSenatecandidate forChișinău, Bessarabia, and waselected.[85] His new polit-ical credo was outlined in his Senatespeech of Decem-ber 27, 1918, which focused on proposals to changethe1866 constitutional regimeand amend the prewar tradi-tionofcentralized government, while also outlining hismaindefense against suspicions of collaborationism.[85]
His daughter Ecaterina was rendered a suspect by herSocialistParty of Romaniamilitancy. She further antag-onized thepublic when, as aCommunist Party of Ro-
maniafounder, she revised her unionist stance andcalledfor Bessarabia to be annexed bySoviet Russia, inlinewithCominternpolicies.[86] After being arrestedseveral
times, she made her may into the Soviet state.[4][35] Du-mitruArbore also joined the Communist Party, was keptunder surveillanceby the authorities for hosting conspir-ative sessions at his homeinPrahova County, but re-mained in Romania, where he died inan October 1921accident.[87]
Arbore lost his Senate seat when Parliament wasdis-solved byKing Ferdinand I; he soon after left thePeas-ants’ Party, pushed into opposition, and was reelected totheSenate as aPeople’s Partycandidate inthesummer1920 election.[85] Late in 1920, he was co-founderandsecretary of theSocialist Peasants’ Party, togetherwithplaywrightIon Peretz, publicistIoan Pangal,abbotIuliuScribanetc.[88]
Withdrawn from national politics, Arbore again focusedon hisjournalist’s activity and was at the forefront ofRomanianFreemasonry. His membership in the local
subsidiary of theGrand Orient de Francewasconfirmedin December 1922 byMihail Noradunghian, and hewasrecognized as a Rank 33 Mason, Worshipful Master ofHumanRightsLodge(located in Bucharest).[6] On April23, 1923,Arbore was electedGrand Masterof amajorRomanianScottish Ritebranch, the Grand Lodge(GrandMaster for life after 1930), and was the Grand OratorforRomania within the Supreme Scottish Rite Councilfrom 1929.[6] Thesepromotions were scrutinized by theanti-Masonic far right: in apublic conference,NicolaePaulescu ofthe National-ChristianDefense League calledArbore the Grand Master of a “Kike-RomanianMasonicgroup”.[89]
His ownfar left inclinations were by thencontrastingwith his civil service positions, which hemaintainedeven as his daughter Ecaterina was becoming apersonanon grata.[4] In 1923, Arbore published a newinstall-ment of his memoirs, as În temnițelerusești (“In theRussian Dungeons”).[90] In March 1924,he replacedVasile Ghenzul as editorial director of Furnica (“TheAnt”). The cooperativistandagrarian bimonthly waspublished in Bessarabia,and printed a Russian-languagesupplement.[91] He was still acontributor to the centralleftist press: in December1926,Adevărulpublished hispiece abouttheSerbianpoliticianNikola Pašić, defunct
leader of thePeople’s Radical Party.[27] During thisin-terval, Ecaterina tried to return to Romania. Accordingto oneinterpretation, she was trying to hide her growingdisillusionmentwith communism under the pretext thatshe needed to take care of herailing father. [92] The Ro-manian authorities did not allow herentry into the coun-try, and she was forced back.[93] Zamfir andhis wife hadearlier adopted Dumitru’s young child, ZamfirDumitruArbore.[55]
1.10 Final years
In 1930, the recently widowed[32] Zamfir Arbore waspensionedfrom his teaching position at the Bucharest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_%C3%8Enalte_Studii_Militare_din_Bucure%C8%99tihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%2527s_Radical_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Ghenzulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_gratahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_gratahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_lefthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Paulescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Paulescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_righthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Ritehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Lodgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Noradunghianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Scribanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuliu_Scribanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Pangalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Peretzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Peasants%2527_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_general_election,_1920https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_general_election,_1920https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%2527s_Party_(interwar_Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahova_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominternhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_governmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Constitution_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_general_election,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_general_election,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%2527_Party_(Romania)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Bulighinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Bianuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution
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8 2 POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
War School, where he had also been lecturing in Geog-raphyandTopography.[4] During the final years of hislife, Arborewas a sporadic contributor toPan Halippa'sreview ViațaBasarabiei.[10][94] In tandem, his revolu-tionary past, inparticular his early dealings withHristoBotev, were also thesubject of interviews with jour-
nalist Vasile Christu.[95] His own output as aresearcherincluded an undated monographon his friendand allyZubcu-Codreanu, who had died in 1878 (O pagină dinistoriasocialismului român, “A Page in the History of Ro-manianSocialism”),[13][96] as well as the collectedmem-oirs:Temniță și exil(“Prison and Exile”)andÎn exil. Am-intirile mele(“In Exile. MyMemories”).[10]
Zamfir Arbore died in Bucharest, on April 2 or April3, 1933.[6]He was buried at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery,alongside Ecaterina,Dumitru, and Lolica Arbore.[32]
Paradoxically, his funeral ceremony comprised both themilitaryhonorsowed to his position in the War School
and revolutionary orations given in tribute by his social-istcomrades.[4] The socialist tribuneSocietatea deMâinepublished an obituary, which referred to Arbore as “oneof thehighest profile representative figures [in socialism],andone ofthemost worthy examples for allpeople-lovinggenerations tofollow.”[42]
2 Political and scientific theories
2.1 Arbore’s political program
Despite official promotion, Zamfir Arbore had serioustroubleintegrating his views within the political land-scape of 20thcentury Romania.[4][10][12] Critic and politi-calhistorianIoan Stanomirwrites that Arbore, “the agentwhoprecipitates revolution”, was “an aristocrat animatedby dramaticself-loathing”.[97] HisNarodnikideals sub-sided withtime: according to literary historianLeonidCemortan, Arborewas “totally defeated” in his Narod-nik activity, realized that itwas an “unattainable dream”,but was nonetheless unable to “verifyand correct” hisvision.[12] Arbore, who never registered hismembershipwith any Romanian socialist party or faction,[46] wasre-
portedly perplexed by theantisemitismprevalent inhisadoptive country, including among the Romanian social-istsandtrade unionists.[10]
His transition from anarchism to a more moderate plat-form wasalso shown by his treatment of the Bessara-bian issue. In 1905,hisBasarabianewspaper tied to-gether demands of socialreform with political and cul-tural goals, endorsingtheplanned land reformand de-manding the official useof Romanian ("Moldavian") inthe administrative apparatus andtheBessarabian Ortho-dox Church.[98] Its demand forself-governancearoundanenlargedSfat(“Assembly”) referred back topromises
made upon the creation of aBessarabian Governorate.[69]Theentire program, scholar Marcel Mitrașcă notes, wasone of the firstmanifestations of “Bessarabian [Roma-
nian]nationalism", the prototype for an agenda lateres-poused bytheNationalMoldavian Party.[99] Political ana-lystsMihai Cernencu andIgor Boțansuggest that the po-liticaldoctrine supported by Basarabiawas at once anearlyinstance ofBessarabian liberalismand aregionalaffiliation to theConstitutional Democratic Party,some-
what permeated by the doctrines ofsocialdemocracy.[69]More intimately, Arbore was contemplating thepossibil-ity of an independent Bessarabia, free from what hecon-sidered to be the excesses of Romanian nationalism.[10]
By the end of his life, he was publicizing his disappoint-mentwith the political environment of Greater Romaniaand explaining hisreturn to socialism. In aViața Basara-bieiarticle, heclaimed: “Wherever I look around me I seeonly decay. The old andthe young, the cultivated and theilliterate, all behave equally,not even asking themselveswhat the meaning of their life is in thegeneral progressof humanity. Living inside Romanian society I forone
was not able to merge into it. [...] I haven't had and Istilldon't have friends in Romania.”[10] His attitude,includingclaims that Bessarabia was being colonized byrapaciousRomanians from other provinces, outraged the national-istnewspapermanAlexandru “Ion Gorun” Hodoș, whowrote that Arborewas no longer sincerely interested innational unity, but ratherdisplayed “the need to detect,under any Romanian uniform, anassassin of Bessarabia’spopulation.”[100]
Arbore’s main research onBessarabianhistoryandlocalgeographyfused scientific andpolitical objectives. Al-legedly inspired by the similar interestsofÉlisée Reclus,
Dicționar geografic al Basarabieiwas the first-everactualBessarabian gazetteer.[10] In his two works onBessarabia,Arbore sought to present a detailed accountofeconomicandsocial geography. He notably inventoriedthe vil-lages originally settled by free peasants (răzeși),account-ing for 151 such localities in central Bessarabia and 4intheBudjak.[101]
Overall, the politicized aspect of his contribution alsohadnegative connotations. According to literary criticBogdanCrețu(who builds on the conclusions of literaryhistorianLeonte Ivanov), Arbore was also responsible forcirculating astereotyped image of the Russian Empire
and its inhabitants.[102] Before 1914, Arbore made ac-cusatoryclaims aboutRussificationand theRussian Or-thodoxChurchexpansion into Bessarabia: depicting theRussianSynodas a heretical, non-Orthodox, institution,he argued thatchurch officials were burning Romanianbooks for heating.[43]
2.2 Germanophilia and Russophobia
Arbore’s wartime stance, in particular his conjecturalsupportfor theCentral Powers, was likened byLucian
Boiato that of fellow BessarabianConstantin Stere,withthe exception that Arbore was more the political radi-cal,opposed toTsarist autocracy, than a nationalist or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist_autocracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Sterehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Boiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Boiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Holy_Synodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Cre%C8%9Buhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budjakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Gorunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Basarabieihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Basarabieihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Bo%C8%9Banhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Moldavian_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement_in_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Cemortanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Cemortanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Stanomirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societatea_de_M%C3%A2inehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_funeralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Botevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Botevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9Ba_Basarabieihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Halippahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_%C3%8Enalte_Studii_Militare_din_Bucure%C8%99ti
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Russophobe.[103] However, as early as 1912, Arbore wasenvisaginga general rising against Russia, alsoinvolvingthePolesand theFinns.[43]InAutonomia sau anexarea,he claimed that “damned Russia”secretly wanted tolure Romania into her war with theAustro-Hungarianprovinces inhabited by Romanians, and inexchange ex-
pand its own territory southwards, into theDanubeDeltaandDobruja.[9] Arbore therefore sawtheTransylvanianunionas a hopeless project; hisconsolation for Roma-nians, Transylvanian as well as Bukovinan, wasin thefederalization of Austria-Hungary. Later, he claimed thathisbeliefs on the Transylvanian issue were quite simi-lar to theskepticalHabsburg loyalismof Transylvanianpoliticos,fromEugen BroteandIoan SlavicitoAurelPopovici.[85]
The articles he contributed to Seara noted withsur-prise that the pro-EntenteFrancophileswere moreinter-ested in rescuingFrancethan they were in the fateof
Bessarabian Romanians.[84] Liberarea Basarabiei, Mar-celMitrașcă argues, was one of the select few mani-festations ofRomanian national sentiment to advocateBessarabian emancipation atthe peak of wartime ag-itation, alongside similar manifestos byStere, AxinteFrunză, Dimitrie C. Moruzietc.[104] Arbore’s politicaltheory was later expanded into a Germanophilemani-festo: Arbore claimed that Romania’sonly option was torally with “Russia’s enemies” on theEasternFront, lim-itingEuropean Russiato the “ethnographic”borders ofancientMuscovy; the alternative, he warned, wasthat themuscălime("Moskals") would in the long run annexRo-
mania and all herirredenta.[9]
Again, he described theRomanian prospects of “liberatingBessarabia” as intrin-sically linked with the German-sponsoredemancipationofCongress Poland, theGrand Duchy ofFinlandand theUkraine.[9] In an August 1915 piece forSeara, Arboresaluted theGerman people as themore “enlightened”combatant, who had accumulated a “colossalvital en-ergy" and was thereforepoised to emerge as thevictor.[84]
With Ukraina și România, Zamfir Arbore spoke outagainstthe opinions expressed by Romanian nation-alist historian Nicolae Iorga, a leading figure in pro-Entente politics, who haddenied the existence of a dis-
tinct Ukrainian identity. In fact, Arbore argued,thecultural separationbetween UkrainiansandRussianswasboth justified by history and opportunefor the Roma-nian cause: since the Russian Empire could not hopetobecome a federation, and an independent Ukrainewas thereforeinevitable, “the Ukrainian state would bea peaceful neighbortoGreater Romania.”[105]
According to Lucian Boia, Arbore’s public stances un-der theactual German occupation were surprisingly toneddown.[83] His onearticle forLumina(November 1917)reviewed the Russianissue in quite different terms,prophesying that a multinationalfederation could be ef-
fected around theRussian Provisional Government.[84]
His 1918 public lectures on Bessarabia were focused ongeographicand statistical information—"one would have
expected more”, Boia notes.[84] Arbore was more out-spokenduring theinterwar period: his December 1918speech demandedthe guarantee of minority rights inGreater Romania,saluted the policies ofSoviet Russiaas a liberating force,and predicted aBolshevikvictory intheRussianCivil War.[85] On the occasion, Arbore also
demanded the release ofSocialist Partyactivists heldinRomanian custody, as well as the freeing of Transylva-niancollaborationist Slavici.[85]
3 Legacy
3.1 Impact in academia
As both a historical figure and a historian, ZamfirArborereceived mixed reviews from other academics.HisViațaBasarabieipartnerPanHalippanoted that Arbore’s his-torical but minor merit inopposing "Russification" wasequivalent to that of otherBessarabianboyarsand writ-ers from various epochs:Stere,Alecu Donici,AlexandruHâjdeu,BogdanPetriceicu HasdeuandConstantin Sta-mati.[106] Althoughan ideological adversary of Ar-bore, Nicolae Iorga similarlyreferred to his Bessara-bian colleague as a pioneer of RomanianBessarabianactivism.[10][107] Sociologist Henri H. Stahlfocused in-stead on Arbore’s contributions as a scientist.Stahldiscusses him and Stere, alongside theoristConstantinDobrogeanu-Gherea and NicolaeZubcu-Codreanu, asone of the most important intellectuals in thegroup ofex-Narodniks who contributed to the left-wingschoolofsocial sciencesin Romania.[13] He notes thatArborestood apart in this group for his anarchist ideals, un-commonin his adoptive Romania.[13] Contrarily, histo-rian Cyril E. Blackassessed that, unlike Stere’s post-Narodnik theory of Poporanism, Arbore’s influence inRomanian politics was“negligible”.[108] A more contro-
versial aspect of Arbore’s legacyis anenduringaccusationofplagiarism: his works are alleged to haveborrowed theresearch of various other authors, to whom Arboredidnot give proper credit.[4]
As early as 1879, Dobrogeanu-Gherea circulated someof Arbore’sreminiscences of revolutionary life, quotedas excerpts in his ownessays.[109] One of the earli-est historiographic works to traceArbore’s lifelong so-cialist militancy was authored shortly beforeits subjectdied, in 1933. Authored by I. C. Atanasiu, it wastitledMișcarea socialistă(“The Socialist Movement”).[110]Thesame year, an account of his activities in Geneva was pub-
lished as part ofPavel Axelrod's book of memoirs.[16]Amonographon Arbore’s life and work was published in1936 bysocial scientist Alexandru Siedel.[13]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Axelrodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poporanismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Zubcu-Codreanuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Ghereahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Dobrogeanu-Ghereahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_H._Stahlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Stamatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Stamatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_H%C3%A2jdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_H%C3%A2jdeuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecu_Donicihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Halippahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Governmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_nationalityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorgahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanophilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_C._Moruzihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axinte_Frunz%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axinte_Frunz%C4%83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seara_(newspaper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Popovicihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Popovicihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Slavicihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Brotehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrujahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Deltahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russophobia
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3.2 The Arbores and communist censor-
ship
From her adoptiveSoviet Union, Arbore’s olderdaugh-terEcaterinacultivated her father’s image: in1931, she
helped publish fragments of his memoirs on MikhailBakuninandSergey Nechayev, translated intoRussianand signed with the abridged nameZ. K. Ralli.[4]Notedfor her medical work and political standing, Ecaterinawasnevertheless labeled an enemy of the Soviet peo-ple, arrestedand killed during theGreat Purgeof thelate1930s.[10][13][97][111] As an author, Zamfir Arborewas somewhattolerated in the Soviet Union and itsMoldavian SSR, created in 1940by theSoviet occupa-tion of Bessarabia. In the late 1940s,his name was in-cluded on a long list of authors officially bannedby theSoviet censorship apparatus.[112] However, in later yearshewas officially quoted and praised, one of the few ex-ceptions tothe rule which put limits on the popularizationofRomanianliterature(unlike Stere, whose work werestillbanned).[113]
In Romania, Arbore was survived bydaughterNina(d.1942). Known as the Romanian studentofHenri Ma-tisse,[114] she maintained an interest in moderateleft-ist causes, joining the group formed around CuvântulLibernewspaper.[115] Her nephew ZamfirDumitru Ar-bore fought againstNazi GermanyinWorldWar II, re-ceivingSteaua României.[55]
In postwarCommunist Romania, Zamfir Dumitru Ar-
bore worked as astate planner, and established a fam-ily:his successors were still living at the family homein Bucharest inthe early 1970s.[55] The Arbores’ pa-triarch was being rediscoveredas a scholar, in partic-ular after the 1960sliberalization(when Ecaterina wasposthumouslyrehabilitated).[92] Communist censorshiphowever intervened in hisvarious republished texts, cut-ting out all remarks which couldseem Russophobic,[85]
keeping his political writings hidden from public viewwhileallowing some exposure to his geography tracts.[10]
Among theanti-communist Romanian diaspora,geneal-ogist Mihai Dim. Sturdzacompleted a morethoroughaccount of Arbore’s career, which covered thecontro-versial aspects and was published in Sturdza’sdictionaryFamiliile boierești din Moldova și Țara Românească(“Bo-yar Families ofWallachiaand Moldavia”).[4][97]ArmandGoșunoted that the entry comprised “the best pageseverwritten on Zamfir Arbore”,[4] while Ioan Stanomir sees init areal-life equivalent ofFyodor Dostoevsky'sThePos-sessedandJoseph Conrad'sUnder WesternEyes.[97] Dur-ing the 1960s, the exiled journalist PamfilȘeicarualsoincluded ample references to Arbore’s anti-Russiantextsin his own anti-communist propaganda works.[16]AftertheRomanian Revolution of 1989, Arbore’s nameresur-faced in a nationalist conspiracy theory, which claimsthat
Mihai Eminescu's descent into mental illness was stagedby hismore conservative political rivals. According tothisinterpretation, theinvoluntary commitmentof Emi-
nescu in summer 1883 was set to coincide with the ex-pulsion ofhis friend Arbore.[53]
3.3 In Moldova and abroad
Arbore’s works were reprinted in Moldova, theindependentpost-Soviet republic comprising thebulk of historicalBessarabia. Moldovan literary histori-ansIon VartaandTatiana Varta oversaw the 2001 reprintof Basarabia însecolul XIX; the same year, EdituraFundației CulturaleRomâne and Editura Museumco-edited his Dicționargeografic al Basarabiei, withIurie Colesnicascaretaker.[116] His name was assignedto streets in both Chișinăuand Bucharest. HisDolnamanor is preserved as a museum.[6]
Arbore’s contribution also made an impact outside its im-mediatecultural context. His memoirs were reviewed
early on by anarchist historianMax Nettlau, who calledtheminaccurate, without specifying to what extent.[10]
Later, the various writings of Arbore-Ralli were stud-ied,translated and preserved by exile MarxistsBorisNicolaevskyand Egor E. Lazarev, and passed on totheHoover Institution.[117] Writing in1994,Americanhisto-rianKeithHitchinsreviewedBasarabia în secolulXIXas“an old, in some ways classic”and“stilluseful”Romanianstudy of the Bessarabian question.[118]Arbore’s 2009 bi-ography at the anarchistKate SharpleyLibraryfocuseson his revolutionary career rather than hisother commit-ments, claiming that the Romanian reviews of hisnation-
alist policies, beginning with Nicolae Iorga’s texts,are“mystification”, and noting that his activities inGreaterRomania “remain to be investigated”.[10] According tothesame source, an English translation ofTemniță șiexilwasin progress, and considered for publicationwithCanada'sBlack Cat Press.[10]
4 Notes
[1] Felea (1971), p.9
[2] Boia, p.143, 144. Zamfirache Ralli’s name mentioned in
Felea (1971), p.8
[3] Boia, p.143
[4] (Romanian) Armand Goșu, “Despre boieri,fărăprejudecăți”, inRevista 22, Nr. 778, February 2005
[5] Felea (1971), p.8
[6] (Romanian)“Zamfir Arbore”, biographical entry attheUnited National Grand Lodge of Romania; retrievedFebruary 1,2011
[7] (Romanian) Alexandra Andrei, “Omul și arta.IzabelaSadoveanu”, inTimpul de Gorj, Nr. 8 (416),February22–28, 2008
[8] Frunză, p.48
http://www.timpulgj.ro/arhiva/416/cultura.htmhttp://www.timpulgj.ro/arhiva/416/cultura.htmhttp://www.glnur.ro/http://www.glnur.ro/?p=meniu_04_05https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_22http://www.revista22.ro/despre-boieri-fara-prejudecati-1477.htmlhttp://www.revista22.ro/despre-boieri-fara-prejudecati-1477.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Go%C8%99uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hitchinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Nettlauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna,_Str%C4%83%C8%99enihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurie_Colesnichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editura_Funda%C8%9Biei_Culturale_Rom%C3%A2nehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editura_Funda%C8%9Biei_Culturale_Rom%C3%A2nehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Vartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_commitmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfil_%C8%98eicaruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Western_Eyeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conradhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_(novel)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Possessed_(novel)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Stanomirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Go%C8%99uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Go%C8%99uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Dim._Sturdzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_diasporahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steaua_Rom%C3%A2nieihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul_Liber_(1933)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul_Liber_(1933)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matissehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matissehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Romaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_SSRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Nechayevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakuninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecaterina_Arborehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union
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[9] Boia, p.144
[10] Maria Lidia, Martin Veith,“Memoirs of an AnarchistinRomania. Zamfir C. Arbure (Ralli)", in KSL: BulletinoftheKate Sharpley Library, No. 57, March 2009
[11] Boia, p.143. See also Felea (1971), p.8
[12] (Romanian) Leonid Cemortan, “Dramaintelectualilorbasarabeni de stînga”, inRevistaSud-Est, Nr. 3/2000
[13] (Romanian) Henri H. Stahl, “Capitolul VII.Curentulgândirii socialiste”, inGânditori și curente deistorie so-cială românească, e-bookversion at theUniversity ofBucharestFaculty of Sociology; retrievedFebruary 1,2011
[14] Societatea de Mâine(May 1933), p.93. See alsoBilling-ton, p.397, 398, 620; Ulam, p.152, 177; Woodco*ck,p.343
[15] Societatea de Mâine(May 1933), p.93; Felea(1971), p.8[16] (Romanian) George Stanca, “Surse dedocumentare la
Pamfil Șeicaru. Studiu de caz: eseul Relațiileromâno-ruse", in theBabeș-BolyaiUniversity'sEphemerides, Nr.2/2010, p.94
[17] (Romanian)“Atentatul dela Dobrițin. Părerea unuibărbatcompetent”, in Românul (Arad), Nr. 40/1914, p.6(digi-tized by theBabeș-Bolyai University TranssylvanicaOn-line Library)
[18] Boia, p.143; Felea (1971), p.8-9, 10
[19] Felea (1971), p.9, 10. See alsoRegister of theNicolaevsky
Collection, Series No. 183, p.141
[20] Register of the Nicolaevsky Collection, Series No.183,p.140; Series No. 212, p.159
[21] Christu, p.17-18, 20; Felea (1971), p.10
[22] Keith Hitchins, “Rumania”, in Marcel van derLinden,Jürgen Rojahn, The Formation of LabourMovements,1870-1914: an International Perspective,BrillPublishers,Leiden, 1990, p.374.ISBN 90-04-09276-5
[23] Woodco*ck, p.343
[24] Billington, p.397
[25] Michel Mervaud,Socialisme et liberté: la penséeet l'actionde Nicolas Ogarev (1813-1877),University ofRouen&Institut des Études Slaves, Roen, 1984, p.531.ISBN 2-902618-54-9
[26] Register of the Nicolaevsky Collection, Series No.161,p.129
[27] Register of the Nicolaevsky Collection, Series No.183,p.141
[28] Felea (1971), p.8-9
[29] Woodco*ck, p.343-344. See also Register of theNico-laevsky Collection, Series No. 183, p.139
[30] Ulam, p.256
[31] Register of the Nicolaevsky Collection, Series No.161,p.129; Series No. 183, p.141
[32] Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Necropola Capitalei, NicolaeIorga Institute of History, Bucharest, 1972, p.53
[33] Vladislav I. Grosul, “Emigrație rusă în România”, in
Magazin Istoric, April 2011, p.49
[34] Felea (1971), p.11
[35] Felea (1971), p.13
[36] Constantin Petculescu, “Lupta revoluționară și democrat-icăa studențimii române. Tineri demni de tinerețealor”,inMagazin Istoric, June 1975, p.36
[37] Huub Sanders, “The Collections of the InternationalIn-stitute of Social History, Amsterdam, with Special Refer-ence toSwitzerland”, in Brigitte Studer, François Vallot-ton (eds.),Histoire sociale et mouvement ouvrier, 1848-1998.Sozialgeschichte und Arbeiterbewegung, 1848-
1998, Éditions d'En-bas & Chronos Verlag, Lausanne&Zurich, p.290-291.ISBN 2-8290-0226-1
[38] Register of the Nicolaevsky Collection, Series No.183,p.139, 141. For the magazine and its history, see Wood-co*ck,p.344
[39] Felea (1977), p.19
[40] Boia, p.143; Felea (1971), p.9
[41] (Romanian) Zamfir C. Arbure,“Bogdan PetriceicoHas-deu”, inViața Basarabiei, Nr. 8/1932, p.1(digitized bytheNational Library of Moldova)
[42] Societatea de Mâine(May 1933), p.93
[43] (Romanian) “Dela frați. Din România. Aniver-sarearăpirei Basarabiei”, in Românul (Arad), Nr.107/1912, p.4(digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica OnlineLibrary)
[44] Felea (1977), p.18
[45] Felea (1977), p.19; Dorin Stănescu, "La Gherea...”,inMagazin Istoric, October 2011, p.72
[46] Felea (1971), p.10
[47] Woodco*ck, p.345-346
[48] Felea (1971), p.9-10
[49] Avramescu, p.86-87
[50] Avramescu, p.87
[51] (Romanian) D. Murărașu, “Figuri reprezentative:Uni-tatea personalității lui Eminescu”, inSocietatea deMâine,Nr. 8, May 1931, p.185 (digitized bytheBabeș-BolyaiUniversity Transsylvanica Online Library)
[52] Christu, p.16, 18, 20
[53] (Romanian) Nicolae Manolescu, “Potriveli șimașinați-uni”, inRomânia Literară, Nr. 6/2000
[54] (Bulgarian) IvanAlexiev,“120годинибългарскиВМС",inCherno More, March 23, 1999
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8/20/2019 Zamfir Arbore
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12 4 NOTES
[55] Felea (1971), p.14
[56] Boia, p.143; Felea (1971), p.10
[57] Societatea de Mâine (May 1933), p.93. See alsoFelea(1971), p.10, Tismăneanu, p.66
[58] (Romanian) Vali Ivan,“Lumea copiilor de altădată"(in-terview with Dodo Niță), inJurnalul Național, June2,2007; Doinel Tronaru,“120 de ani de BD românesc”,inAdevărul Literar și Artistic, December 14, 2010
[59] (Italian)"Amicul Copiilor", entryinCronologia della let-teratura rumena moderna (1780-1914)database, at theUniversity of Florence's Department ofNeo-Latin Lan-guages and Literatures; retrieved February 5,2011
[60] Felea (1971), p.10-11
[61] (Romanian) Cassian Maria Spiridon,“Secolul bresleiscri-itoricești”, inConvorbiri Literare, April 2008
[62] (Romanian)“Salon. Academia Română: Sesiunea gener-alădin 1899. III. Publicațiunile Academieĭ", in Familia,Nr.12/1899, p.142 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai Uni-versityTranssylvanica Online Library)
[63] (Romanian) Cornelius Diaconovich, "Enciclopediaromână (Raport despre terminarea publicațiunii,pre-sentat Comitetului central al 'Asociațiunii', în ședințasa din31 Martie 1904)", in Transilvania, March–April1904, p.55(digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica OnlineLibrary)
[64] (Romanian)Henri H. Stahl, “Capitolul VI. IonIonescude la Brad și curentul monografiilor militant-sociale”,in
Gânditori și curente de istorie socialăromânească,e-bookversion at theUniversity ofBucharestFaculty of Sociol-ogy; retrieved February 1,2011
[65] Ioan Lăcustă, "Basarabia, numărul neștiut”,inMagazinIstoric, April 2007, p.55
[66] Boia, p.143; Felea (1971), p.9, 10
[67] Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.37
[68] Mitrașcă, p.30. See also Cernencu & Boțan, p.67-68
[69] Cernencu & Boțan, p.68
[70] Billington, p.620
[71] Ze'ev Iviansky,“Source of Inspiration forRevolutionaryTerrorism — The Bakunin — Nechayev Alliance”,inConflict Quarterly, Summer 1988, p.58, 66 (digitizedbytheUniversity of New Brunswick Electronic TextCentreJournals)
[72] (Romanian) Gheorghe Negru,“Gheorghe Madan – agentalImperiului Rus”, in theUniversity of BucharestFacultyofJournalism’sRevista Română de Jurnalism și Comuni-care,Nr.4/2008, p.72
[73] Frunză, p.48, 90
[74] (Romanian)“Serbările presei în București. Serbărileși
banchetul”, in Românul (Arad), Nr. 113/1912, p.3-4 (dig-itizedby theBabeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica On-lineLibrary)
[75] Boia, p.336; Felea (1971), p.11-13
[76] (Romanian) Mariana Mangiulea, “Etimologiirevizuite”,in theUniversity of BucharestRomanoslavicaXLV, 2009,p.122. See also Felea (1971), p.10
[77] (Romanian)"Însemnări. Datoria morală a Bulgarieicătră
România”, inLuceafărul, Nr. 32/1912, p.741-742(digi-tized by theBabeș-Bolyai University TranssylvanicaOn-line Library)
[78] Boia, p.143-146
[79] Boia, p.143-145
[80] Mitrașcă, p.48
[81] Boia, p.336-337; Frunză, p.90
[82] Ion Rusu Abrudeanu,România și războiul mondial:con-tribuțiuni la studiul istoriei războiului nostru, EdituraSocec, Bucharest, 1921, p.486
[83] Boia, p.145-146
[84] Boia, p.145
[85] Boia, p.146
[86] Boia, p.337; Frunză, p.39-41, 48, 90. See alsoTismăneanu,p.66, 76, 84, 87, 292, 319
[87] Felea (1971), p.13-14
[88] (Romanian) “Informațiuni”, in Românul (Arad),Nr.275/1920, p.2 (digitized by theBabeș-BolyaiUniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
[89] (Roma
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